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Historical Setting: Early History to 1917 Early History The Inhabitants of the East European Plain The East Slavs and the Varangians The Golden Age of Kiev The Rise of Regional Centers The Mongol Invasion Muscovy The Rise of Muscovy The Evolution of the Russian Aristocracy Ivan IV The Time of Troubles The Romanovs Expansion and Westernization Early Imperial Russia Peter the Great and the Russian Empire The Era of Palace Revolutions Imperial Expansion and Maturation: Catherine II Ruling the Empire War and Peace, 1796-1825 Reaction under Nicholas I Transformation of Russia in the Nineteenth Century Economic Developments Reforms and Their Limits, 1855-92 Foreign Affairs after the Crimean War The Rise of Revolutionary Movements Witte and Accelerated Industrialization Radical Political Parties Develop Imperialism in Asia and the Russo-Japanese War The Last Years of the Autocracy Revolution and Counterrevolution, 1905-07 The Stolypin and Kokovtsov Governments Active Balkan Policy, 1906-13 Russia at War, 1914-16 The Fatal Weakening of Tsarism Chapter 2. Historical Setting: 1917 to 1991 Revolutions and Civil War The February Revolution The Period of Dual Power The Bolshevik Revolution Civil War and War Communism The Era of the New Economic Policy Lenin's Leadership Stalin's Rise to Power Foreign Policy, 1921-28 Society and Culture in the 1920s Transformation and Terror Industrialization and Collectivization The Purges Mobilization of Society Foreign Policy, 1928-39 The War Years Prelude to War The Great Patriotic War Reconstruction and Cold War Reconstruction Years Onset of the Cold War The Death of Stalin The Khrushchev Era Collective Leadership and the Rise of Khrushchev Foreign Policy under Khrushchev Khrushchev's Reforms and Fall The Brezhnev Era Collective Leadership and the Rise of Brezhnev Foreign Policy of a Superpower The Economy under Brezhnev Culture and the Arts in the 1960s and 1970s The Death of Brezhnev The Leadership Transition Period The Andropov Interregnum The Chernenko Interregnum The Gorbachev Era Gorbachev's First Year New Thinking: Foreign Policy under Gorbachev Perestroika Glasnost Demokratizatsiya Gorbachev's Reform Dilemma Nationality Ferment The August Coup and Its Aftermath Chapter 3. Physical Environment and Population Physical Environment Global Position and Boundaries Administrative and Territorial Divisions Topography and Drainage Topography Drainage Climate Environmental Problems Environmental Conditions Major Crises Air Quality Water Quality Soil and Forests Radioactive Contamination The Response to Environmental Problems Population Demographic Conditions Fertility Abortion Mortality Migration Issues and Procedures Migration Patterns Future Prospects Chapter 4. Ethnic, Religious, and Cultural Setting Ethnic Composition The Russians Minority Peoples and Their Territories The North Caucasus The Northern Republics The Volga and Ural Republics The Republics of Siberia Other Ethnic Groups Germans Koreans Roma Movements Toward Sovereignty The Chechnya Dilemma The Caucasus Region in the Federation Responses and Prospects Religion The Russian Orthodox Church Beliefs and Ritual Church History Other Religions Non-Orthodox Christian Religions Islam Judaism Religion and Foreign Policy The Russian Language Literature and the Arts Literature The Beginnings Peter and Catherine The Nineteenth Century The Soviet Period and After Music Ballet Architecture and Painting Outlook Chapter 5. The Society and Its Environment Social Structure Social Stratification Wages and Work Rural Life Social Organizations The Family The Role of Women Sexual Attitudes Education The Soviet Heritage The Post-Soviet Education Structure Infrastructure Teachers Curriculum Grade Structure Private Schools Educational Achievement Higher Education Education and Society Health Health Conditions Maternity, Infant Care, and Birth Control Alcohol, Narcotics, and Tobacco Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome The Health System Housing The Soviet Era Post-Soviet Conditions Land Reform and Private Enterprise Social Welfare Pensions Worker Protection and Benefits The Homeless Chapter 6. The Economy Historical Background The Eras of Lenin and Stalin The Postwar Growth Period Reform and Resistance The Perestroika Program Unforeseen Results of Reform Economic Reform in the 1990s The Yeltsin Economic Program Macroeconomic Stabilization Measures Economic Restructuring Measures Monetary and Fiscal Policies Inflation Exchange Rates Privatization Economic Conditions in Mid-1996 Natural Resources Agriculture Crops Agricultural Policy Soviet Policy The Gorbachev Reforms Yeltsin's Agricultural Policies Agricultural Production Energy Exploitation and Consumption Oil Natural Gas Coal Nuclear Energy Conventional Power Generation Foreign Investment in Oil and Gas Banking and Finance The Soviet Financial System The Financial Sector in the 1990s Reform of the Banking System Commercial Banks Other Financial Institutions Taxation The Labor Force Unemployment Wages Manufacturing Ferrous Metallurgy Nonferrous Metallurgy The Automotive Industry Machine Building Light Industry Chemicals Transportation and Telecommunications Transportation Roads Railroads Air Transportation Water Transportation Pipelines Public Transportation Transportation Reform Telecommunications The Soviet Period Telecommunications in the 1990s Foreign Economic Relations Foreign Trade Foreign Investment Foreign Debt The Economic Outlook Chapter 7. Government and Politics Historical Background The Constitution and Government Structure The Executive Branch Presidential Powers Informal Powers and Power Centers Presidential Elections The Government (Cabinet) The Parliament Structure of the Federal Assembly Legislative Powers The Legislative Process Clashes of Power, 1993-96 The Judiciary Judicial Reform Structure of the Judiciary Local and Regional Government The Federation Treaty and Regional Power Local Jurisdictions under the Constitution Power Sharing Presidential Power in the Regions The Separatism Question Political Parties and Legislative Elections The Elections of 1993 The Elections of 1995 Civil Rights General Civil Rights Guarantees Criminal Justice Protections The Media The Print Media The Broadcast Media The Political Outlook Chapter 8. Foreign Relations The Emergence of Russian Foreign Policy The Search for Objectives The State of the Federation Speeches The Foreign Policy Mechanism The President The Security Council The Parliament The Government (Cabinet) The Ministry of Foreign Affairs The Ministry of Defense Regional Policies The Near Abroad Moldova Georgia Central Asia Other Former Soviet Republics The United States The Yeltsin-Bush Summits The Yeltsin-Clinton Summits Western Europe NATO Central Europe The NATO Issue Russia's Role in the Former Yugoslavia China Japan Other Asian States The Third World The Middle East Latin America Foreign Policy Prospects Chapter 9. The Armed Forces Historical Background Military Doctrine Soviet Doctrine The Doctrine of 1993 Political Principles Military Principles Military-Technical and Economic Principles The Doctrine of the Future The Geopolitical Context Chechnya The Commonwealth of Independent States Georgia Armenia Azerbaijan Moldova Central Asia Kaliningrad China The NATO Issue Nuclear Arms Issues The Defense Industry Structure and Conditions The Defense Budget New Weaponry Acquisitions Foreign Arms Sales Prospects for the Defense Industry Force Structure Command Structure Ground Forces Naval Forces Air Forces Air Defense Forces Strategic Rocket Forces Airborne Troops Performance Troop Support Elements Crime in the Military Training Military Schools Field Training Reform Plans Prospects for the Military Chapter 10. Internal Security Internal Security Before 1991 Successor Agencies to the KGB Ministry of Security (MB) Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK) Federal Security Service (FSB) Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information (FAPSI) Main Guard Directorate (GUO) Federal Border Service and Border Security Border Security Agencies Post-Soviet Border Policy Security Operations in Chechnya Crime Crime in the Soviet Era The Crime Wave of the 1990s Crime Statistics Organized Crime Nuclear Security Terrorism Narcotics The Criminal Justice System Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) The Procuracy Criminal Law Reform in the 1990s Secrecy Laws How the System Works Prisons Outlook Appendix. Tables Bibliography Glossary